Why Communists Do Not Celebrate July 4th- A Guest Commentary
THE RADICALISM OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, GORDON S. WOOD, VINTAGE, NEW YORK, 1993
Guest Commentary:
BOOK REVIEW
From The Pen Of Frank
Jackman
THE RADICALISM OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, GORDON S. WOOD, VINTAGE, NEW YORK, 1993
In the chronology of the history of
revolutions, at least the modern ones, each has always been preceded by a
struggle over radical/revolutionary ideas which more or less animated the
progressive parties to push forward to what is an exceptional circumstance in
the historic process, revolution-the going over from the old order to a new
order by means of eliminating the old ruling class and installing a new one.
Thus, the English Revolution of the 1600’s found plenty of pamphleteers and
publicists, especially among the Levelers (the secular democratic wing of the
parliamentary forces) in the struggle to gain parliamentary ascendance. The
French Revolution was inundated from many sources with ideas about which way
society should be run leading up to the famous Declaration of the Rights of Man
and Citizen. And certainly the Russian Revolution, the most conscious party-led
effort at revolution known to history, was centrally determined by the titanic
struggle of the various liberal and social-democratic parties over ideas.
The book under review here thus takes
its place in the debate over the role of such ideas in the American Revolution.
Professor Wood is on fertile ground in tracing the history of the prevailing
pre-revolutionary ideas that culminated in the Declaration of Independence and
the American Constitution, including the crucial Bill of Rights. He also takes
on the post- revolutionary ideological struggle between the ideas of a society
run as a democracy favored by the more plebian elements or as a republic,
particularly a disinterestedly-run republic of letters, favored by the more
aristocratic elements which burst forth after the revolution.
Professor Wood is an eminent, if not
the contemporary pre-eminent historian of the American Revolution, so what he
has to say bears attention. His fundamental premise in this volume is that the
struggle for ideas in the pre-revolutionary period determined the nature of the
later, essentially parliamentary, struggles after independence was declared and
the new frame of government was established. In short, he argues for a much
more radical interpretation of the heretofore stodgy American Revolution (in
comparison, at least, to the flamboyant French Revolution and the powerful pull
of the Russian revolution) at least the events known and commemorated from our
childhoods. His central point that this revolution represented an important
accrual in the struggle of the forces for enlightenment is something that
militant leftists can appreciate whatever other disagreements with Professor
Wood’s political conclusions we might entertain.
Professor Wood makes two main points
that bear notice. The first- while today rather obvious- bears acknowledgement,
that is the struggle from early on in the 1700’s in the colonies to break from
the role of subjects of a monarchial regime to independent citizens of a
republic fearing no man. That premise was indeed progressive at the time and
animated all movements from the late 1600’s on. It is a struggle that, of
necessity, continues today. The exception I take to Professor Wood’s worldview
is that while he is content with the general outline of current democratic
practice I would argue that the road from citizen under capitalism to comrade
under socialism is necessary to fulfill the still remaining democratic tasks of
the American Revolution and the Second American Revolution, the Civil War.
Professor Wood’s second premise is to
note the divergence between the ideals of the leaders of the independence
forces concerning the establishment of a government based on disinterested rule
and the more plebian (and messy)notion that every cook could be a legislator.
The gap between the leadership’s (Washington, John Adams, Hamilton and the
usual cast of suspects) high expectations from a Republic of Letters (in
essence their own personal republic) issuing forth from the revolution
ultimately led to the demise of the elitist Federalist party and the rise of
the rule of those claiming the interests of the plebian elements. In that
historic fight militant leftists wholeheartedly would have supported the
plebian elements. That fight has never really been completed nor has it been
expanded in a more socialist direction. Nevertheless Professor Wood’s goal of
defining the revolution as animated by more radical ideas that generally
realized is an important addition to our historic understanding of the American
Revolution. Read on.
Revised September 28, 2006
Guest Commentary:
"Why We Don't Celebrate July 4-Marxism and the "Spirit Of '76"- Workers Vanguard, Number 116, July 2, 1976
The burned-out tenements of America's decaying slums are plastered with red, white and blue posters celebrating a 200-year-old revolution. From factory bulletin boards and the walls of unemployment offices, patriotic displays urge American working people to join with Gerald Ford and the butchers of Vietnam in commemorating the "Spirit of '76." Class-conscious workers and militant blacks, like the colonial masses ground down under the economic and military heel of arrogant American imperialism, must recoil in revulsion from the U.S. bourgeoisie's hypocritical pieties about "liberty."
The Fourth of July is not our holiday. But the chauvinist ballyhoo of the "People's Bicentennial" does not negate the need for a serious Marxist appreciation of colonial America's war of independence against monarchical/ mercantilist England. Marxists have always stressed the powerful impact of the classic bourgeois-democratic revolutions in breaking feudal-aristocratic barriers to historical progress.
In appealing for support for the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin in his Letter to American Workers (1918) wrote:
"The history of modern, civilized America opened with one of those really great, really liberating, really revolutionary wars of which there have been so few compared to the vast number of wars of conquest which, like the present imperialist war, were caused by squabbles among kings, landowners or capitalists over the division of usurped land or ill-gotten gains. That was the war the American people waged against the British robbers who oppressed America and held her in colonial slavery. "
It is also legitimate for revolutionaries to appeal to the most radical-democratic traditions of the great bourgeois revolutions. Yet the fact remains that the Fourth of July is a fundamentally chauvinist holiday, a celebration of national greatness. In no sense does it commemorate a popular uprising against an oppressive system, or even pay tribute to democratic principles and individual freedom. Attempts to lend the Fourth of July a populist coloration (or the Communist Party's popular-front period slogan that "Communism is 20th century Americanism") only express the capitulation of various fake-socialists to the democratic pretensions of American imperialism.
But neither can the traditions of 1776 justly be claimed by the imperialist bourgeoisie. Compared to the leadership of the colonial independence struggle, the present American capitalist class is absolutely degenerate. One has only to think of Franklin or Jefferson, among the intellectual giants of their time, and then consider Gerald Ford or Jimmy Carter. The twentieth-century United States is the gendarme of world reaction, the backer of every torture-chamber regime from Santiago to Tehran.
The "founding fathers" would have been revolted by the men who today represent their class. The degeneration of the American bourgeoisie is appropriate to the passing of its progressive mission. The attitude toward religion is a good indicator. Virtually none of the signers of the Declaration of Independence were orthodox Christians; they held a rationalist attitude toward the concept of god. Jefferson would have walked out in protest at today's prayer-intoning presidential inaugurations.
The America of 1976 is the contemporary analogue of the tsarist Russia which the "founding fathers" held in contempt as the bastion of world reaction—the tsarist Russia against whose tyranny Lenin and the Bolsheviks organized the proletariat. It is to the world working class that the liberating mission now falls.
Was the War of Independence a Social Revolution?
Like the Fourth of July, Bastille Day in France is an official, patriotic holiday, replete with military marches and chauvinist speeches. Yet the events Bastille Day commemorates retain a certain revolutionary significance to this day. The French people's understanding of 1789 is as a violent overthrow by the masses of an oppressive ruling class. The French imperialist bourgeoisie's efforts to purge the French revolution of present-day revolutionary significance have not succeeded. A Charles De Gaulle or a Valery Giscard d'Estaing cannot embrace Robespierre or Marat, for the latter stand too close to the primitive communist Gracchus Babeuf, who considered himself a true Jacobin.
The American war of independence was also a classic bourgeois-democratic revolution, but it was not really a social revolution which overthrew the existing ruling class. The British loyalists were largely concentrated in the propertied classes and governing elite. However pro-independence forces among the planters and merchants were strong enough to prevent any significant class polarization during the war.
The English and French bourgeois-democratic revolutions had to destroy an entrenched aristocratic order. That destruction required a radical, plebeian terrorist phase associated with the figures of Cromwell and Robespierre. For the American colonies, winning independence from England did not require a regime based on plebeian terror. The war of independence did not produce a Cromwell or a Robespierre because it did not need one. Nor did it give rise to radical egalitarian groups like the Levellers and Diggers, or the Enrages and Babouvists. It never remotely threatened the wealthiest, most conservative planters and merchants who supported secession from Britain.
The consolidation of bourgeois rule in the Puritan and French revolutions required a political counterrevolution in which the Cromwellians and Jacobins were overthrown, persecuted and vilified. The radical opposition which sprung up in resistance to this counterrevolution became part—through the Babouvists in France—of the revolutionary tradition which Marx embraced.
Because the American war of independence did not experience a plebeian terrorist phase, neither did it experience a conservative bourgeois counterrevolution. The leaders of the independence struggle went on to found and govern the republic; greatly venerated, they died of old age.
The men who met in Philadelphia's Convention Hall 200 years ago realized their aims more satisfactorily than any other similarly placed, insurrectionary group in history. This achievement does not bespeak their greatness, but the limited, essentially conservative nature of their goals. The legitimization of black chattel slavery in the Constitution, without significant opposition, demonstrates the bourgeois conservatism of the leaders of the American Revolution. The "founding fathers" had no children who could claim that the principles of 1776 had been betrayed in the interests of the rich and powerful. The era of the war of independence did not give rise to a living revolutionary tradition.
John Brown's Body
There is a social revolution in American history which troubles the imperialist bourgeoisie to this day. It did not begin in 1776, but in the anti-slavery confrontations. The issue rose by the civil war and particularly the period of Radical Reconstruction—the intimate relationship between capitalism in America and racial oppression—awaits its fundamental resolution in future revolutionary struggle. The wasn't-it-tragic attitude of the bourgeoisie to the civil war era contrasts sharply with their celebratory attitude toward the war of independence. The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, unlike the Declaration of Independence, will never be a holiday in racist, imperialist America.
It is in the civil war era that there are parallels with the plebeian component of the French Revolution. The contemporary bourgeois treatment of John Brown resembles the French ruling class attitude toward Robespierre. They cannot disown the anti-slavery cause outright, but they condemn John Brown for his fanatical commitment and violent methods. The Reconstruction era of 1867-1877 is the only period in U.S. history which the present ruling class rejects an un-American extremism. Two important films, D. W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation and the later Gone With the Wind, are outright apologies for white supremacist terror against the only radical-democratic governments this country has ever experienced. The Compromise of 1877, when the black freedmen were abandoned to the merciless regimes of the ex-slaveholders, was the American bourgeois-democratic revolution betrayed. And the reversal of that historic betrayal awaits the victory of American communism.
Because of the American revolution's limited social mobilization, those whose principles ultimately clashed with bourgeois rule—the likes of Tom Paine and Sam Adams—were easily disposed of. The radical abolitionists—John Brown, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass— are the only figures in American history before the emergence of the workers movement whose commitment to democratic principles actually threatened bourgeois rule. For the same reason that the present-day bourgeoisie denounces John Brown as a dangerous extremist, we communists can claim the radical abolitionists as ours. Only a victorious American socialist revolution can give to the heroes and martyrs of Harper's Ferry and the "underground railway" the honor that is their historic right.
