Monday, July 11, 2016

Justice for Alton and Philando! Socialist Alternative Statement

Justice for Alton and Philando! Socialist Alternative Statement





Frank Jackman comment:


Usually when I post something from some other source, mostly articles and other materials that may be of interest to the radical public that I am trying to address I place the words “ A View From The Left” in the headline and let the subject of the article speak for itself, or let the writer speak for him or herself without further comment whether I agree with the gist of what is said or not. After all I can write my own piece if some pressing issue is at hand. Occasionally, and the sentiments expressed in this article is one such time, I can stand in solidarity with the remarks made. I do so here.     



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JUSTICE FOR ALTON AND PHILANDO! BUILD MASS NON VIOLENT PROTESTS AGAINST RACISM AND POVERTY By Eljeer Hawkins
At least 136 black people have been killed by police in 2016 (The Guardian, 7/7/2016). On top of police violence, the black community faces disproportionate unemployment, poverty, a lack of access to social services and mass incarceration. Much-needed protests are erupting throughout the country against the two latest atrocities, the murders of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile.
Unfortunately, five police have been killed by snipers in Dallas. These type of actions will not win justice against racism if that was the intention, and will only serve to strengthen the authority and militarization of the state and undermine the strength of Black Lives Matter mobilizations. Socialist Alternative will continue to participate in mass demonstrations against racism, poverty and police violence and put forward methods to broaden the movement and win victories.
Alton and Philando
Fifteen year-old Cameron Sterling could not hold back uncontrolled sobbing as he spoke on film after the death of his father. Alton Sterling was killed by law enforcement officers in Baton Rouge, Louisiana on July 5 while selling CDs outside of a convenience store. Alton’s death and Cameron’s reaction at the press conference the following day is a stark reminder of what it means to be black in America today and losing your dad in a gruesome manner as the world watched. Alton’s death is painfully reminiscent of Eric Garner’s death on a Staten Island, New York street on July 17, 2014, by an illegal choke hold.
In a matter of twenty-four hours, in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, Philando Castile – along with his girlfriend and precious four-year daughter – was stopped by officers for a busted taillight. Philando would be shot four times as he reached for his license and died in the back seat of his car; his death was live streamed by his brave girlfriend,  Diamond Reynolds, to show the world he was innocent. Diamond was held overnight in police custody – without food or access to her traumatized daughter – after the murder of her boyfriend. This injustice was correctly met with mass protests and direct action that Socialist Alternative members participated in.
Racist Policing U.S.A.
The killings of Alton and Philando sadly confirm the reality described in the remarkable speech by actor and activist, Jesse Williams, at the recent BET Awards about law enforcement terror and systemic racism in our society.
The recent acquittals of the Baltimore law enforcement officers in the Freddy Gray case, and non-indictment decision in the Jamar Clarke case has confirmed for this generation that the American criminal justice system is rigged and stacked up against working people and people of color. There is one set of laws for rich white people like Hillary Clinton and another set of laws for black workers and youth.
Ferguson and Baltimore
The two rebellions in Ferguson and Baltimore in 2014 and 2015 respectively rocked the very core of U.S. society as hundreds of thousands of young people and black workers expressed their rage at law enforcement, the political establishment, and the black mis-leadership class. Over 40 bills were introduced to curb law enforcement terror and enhance police accountability to the community. The Department of Justice and Obama’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing  reports acknowledged the numerous violations and police misconduct in police departments across the country.Yet, the racist police murders, mass incarceration, militarization of the police and rampant economic injustices continue.
Louisiana Gov. John Bel Edwards (D) signed the “Blue Lives Matter” bill into law, making the state the first in the nation where public safety workers are considered a protected class under the hate-crime law. As USA Today highlighted over a year ago, “President Obama has signed into law a measure that will require instant nationwide “Blue Alerts” to warn about threats to police officers and help track down the suspects who carry them out. The city, state, federal governments fortify the “blue wall” with militarized law enforcement that mainly serves to protect the property, prestige and power of the 1%.
Since Ferguson and Baltimore, there’s a heightened class and racial polarization, along with a developing radical consciousness, in society due to the crisis of capitalism. Donald Trump has been whipping up racist rhetoric and attacks while Hillary Clinton defends the policies of her husband that led to mass incarceration and more militarized police. The times we are living through demands a concerted effort to challenge the system of capitalism and racism head on.
Black Lives Matter: Which Way Forward?
In several cities around the country, there were protests to express utter rage at the police killings in Baton Rouge and Falcon Heights. In Dallas, Texas, at a peaceful gathering and march, snipers fired upon law enforcement officers killing five and injuring seven.
If the perpetrators were politically motivated against police brutality  these attacks on law enforcement are totally counter-productive. It takes place in the absence of a strong workers movement to oppose the policies of big business and the racist violence that flows from it.
As Marxist and working-class activists, we oppose terrorist methods which have historically been shown to be a failed method of fighting back against oppression. It is a dead-end strategy that provides the state license to leave a trail of blood from the itchy trigger fingers of law enforcement. Support can be drummed up for institutions of the capitalist state when tragedies like the murders of random law enforcement officers take place.
Working people’s civil liberties and human rights will be further undermined by the state under the cover of pursuing the suspects. These acts can and will have a negative effect on the BLM banner and activists, putting the struggle against law enforcement terror on the defensive and criminalizing the movement and its activists. The deaths of New York police officers Rafael Ramos and  Wenjain Liu in December 2015 brought BLM protests to a halt at that time and allowed the right to viciously attack the movement.
To win victories against racism and poverty, we need mass demonstrations of hundreds of thousands of people on the streets disrupting “business as usual.” Union leaders should support Black Lives Matter in more than just words by mobilizing their members to attend protests with contingents connecting the fight against police violence to the struggles for good jobs, health care, education and public services.
As Shanelle Matthews, the director of communications for the Black Lives Matter Network stated in a recent interview in The Atlantic about organizing for the upcoming DNC and RNC conventions, “Because we’re decentralized, and all of the chapters work autonomously, to each of the chapters in their regions [conventions] mean something different.”
The recent police killings of Alton and Philando places an urgency to centralize and coordinate our movement’s actions, ideas, and message, especially since the corporate media, two parties of big business, and law enforcement will go on the offensive against the movement after the Dallas events.
A united working-class movement using the method of mass protests, non-violent civil disobedience, walk-outs and strikes, based on a program that puts people’s needs first, will be most effective in fighting back against racial and class oppression. As we approach the DNC and RNC, we need a massive mobilization to highlight law-enforcement terror, the agenda of Wall Street and the role of both parties in the rise of the prison state and endemic inequality. Our movement should prepare for marches and possible Occupy Wall Street-style occupations in Washington D.C. to demand justice for Alton, Philando, and all victims of law-enforcement terror as we head towards the general elections in November. The Time is Now!
 
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Scenes From An Ordinary 1960s Be-Bop Life-Scene Nine-The Ghost Dance-Late 1969


Scenes From An Ordinary 1960s Be-Bop Life-Scene Nine-The Ghost Dance-Late 1969



Damn, already I missed Angelica, road-worthy, road-travel easy, easy on the eyes and easy getting us a ride Angelica as I traveled down Interstate 80 onto the great prairie Mid-American hitchhike road after we parted at the Omaha bus station, she heading home East, at least Indiana east from Nebraska, and I to the savage search for the blue-pink great American West night. And I will tell you true that first ride and every ride after that, every miserable truck stopped or sedan ride, it didn’t matter, made me utter that same oath.

Right then though I was on my first connection ride out of Omaha and as luck would have it this big bruiser, full tattoo armed with snakes, roses and lost loves names, truck driver who was obviously benny-ed, benny-ed to perdition and was talking a blue streak was driving right through to Denver, my next destination. All I wanted was the ride but I knew enough of the road, enough of the truck driver come-on part of it anyway to know that this guy’s blue streak was a small price to pay for such a lucky break. See, some guys, some guys like Denver Slim, who left me off at that long ago (or it seemed like long ago) Steubenville truck stop and Angelica (hey, now I know who to blame, if I ever get my hands on that damn Denver Slim… Ya, ya, what are you going to do, big boy?), wanted to talk man to man. Back and forth like real people, especially as I reminded him of his errant (read: hippie–swaying) son. Other guys are happy for the company so they can, at seventy or seventy-five miles an hour with the engine revved high and where conversation is made almost painful and chock-filled with the “what did you says?”, spout forth on their homespun philosophy and take on this wicked old world. With these guys an occasional “Ya, that’s right,” or a timely “What did you mean by that?” will stand you in good stead and you can nod out into your own thoughts.

And that is exactly where I wanted be, as old Buck (where do they get these names) droned on and on about how the government was doing, or not doing this or that for, or to, the little guy who helped build up, not tear down, the country like him. What Aunt Betty, sweet Neola grandmotherly Aunt Betty, said as she left me off at the Interstate 80 entrance still rings in my ears. I was good for Angelica. Hell, I know I was. Hell, if I had any sense I would admit what I know inside. Angelica was good for me too. But see the times were funny is a way. No way in 1962, or ‘64, or ’66, let’s say, that I would have run into an Angelica. I was strung out, strung out hard on neurotic, long black-haired (although that was optional), kind of skinny (not thin, not slender, skinny, wistfully skinny, I say), bookish, Harvard Square, maybe a poet, kind of girls. If I said beatnik girls, and not free-form, ethereral, butterfly breeze “hippie” girls you’d know what I mean. As a kid I was cranked on pale, hell wan was more like it, dark-haired, hard Irish Catholic girls, and I mean hard Irish Catholic girls with twelve novena books in their hands, and lust in their hearts. So, I swear, when Angelica’s number turned up I was clueless how to take just a plain-spoken, says what she means, means what she says young woman who had dreams (unformed, mainly, but dreams nevertheless) that also were plain-spoken. Ah, I can’t explain it now, and I doubt I ever will. Just say I was stunted, stunned, and smitten, okay and let me listen to old Buck’s drone.

I have now put many a mile between me and Omaha and here I am well clear of that prairie fire dream now in sweet winter desert night Arizona not far from some old now run down, crumbling Native American dwellings that keep drawing my attention and I still want to utter that oath, that Angelica oath. Sitting by this night camp fire casting its weird ghost night-like shadows just makes it worst. And old now well-traveled soldiers turned “hippies”, Jack and Mattie, playing their new-found (at least to me) flute and penny whistle music mantra to set the tone.

Hey, I just remembered, sitting here wrapped up in Angelica and ancient primal tribal memories out of the whistling black star-filled night that I haven’t filled you in on where I have been, who I have seen (like John and Mattie), and how I got here from that star-crossed Neola night, at least the past Denver part. Jesus, and here we are only a few hundred miles from the ocean. I can almost smell, smell that algae sea-churned smell, almost see the foam-flecked waves turn against the jagged-edged La Jolla rocks and mad, aging surfer boys from another time looking for that perfect wave. Ya, another more innocent time before all hell broke loose on us in America and crushed our innocent youthful dreams in the rice paddies of Asia, our Angelica plain-spoken dreams, but not our capacity to dream. That only makes the Angelica hurt worst as I remember that she had never seen the ocean, the jagged-edged, foam-flecked ocean that I went on and on about and I was to be her Neptune on that voyage west to the rim of the world. Well let me get to it, the filling you in part..

After grabbing that straight ride from blue streak talkin’ old Buck I did tell you about, and a short but scary two day delay by a serious snow squall hurricane-wind tumult just before the Rocky Mountain foothills leading into Denver I got there in good order. If I didn’t tell you before, and now that I think about it I didn’t, I was to hook up with my now traveling companions, Jack and Mattie, there for the final trip west to the ocean and serious blue-pink visions. If you don’t remember Jack and Mattie, they are two guys that I picked up on the Massachusetts highways heading south in the days when I had a car this year in the early spring. We had some adventures going south, that I will tell you about another time, before I left them off in Washington, D.C. so they could head west from there. We agreed then to meet up in Denver later in the year where they expected to stay for a while. My last contact with them in late summer had them still there but when I arrived at the communal farm on the outskirts of Denver where they had been staying I was informed that they had gotten nervous about being stuck in the snow-bound Rockies and wanted to head south as fast as they could. They had left a Phoenix address for me to meet them at. I stayed at the commune for a few days to rest up, doing a little of this and that, mostly that, and then headed out myself on what turned to be an uneventful and mercifully short hitchhike road trip to Phoenix to connect with them.

And so here we are making that last push to the coast but not before we investigate these Native American lands that, as it turns out, we all had been interested in ever since our kid days watching cowboys and Indians on the old black and white 1950s small screen television. You know Lone Ranger, Hop-along Cassidy, Roy Rogers and their sidekicks’ fake, distorted, prettified Old West stuff. Stuff where the rich Native American traditions got short shrift.

Earlier today we had been over to Red Rock for an Intertribal celebration, a gathering of what was left of the great, ancient warrior nations that roamed freely here not all that long ago but who are now mere “cigar store” Indian characters to the public eye. The sounds, the whispering shrill canyon sounds and all the others, the sights, the colors radiant as they pulled out all the stops to bring back the old days when they ruled this West, the spirit, ah, the spirit of our own warrior shaman trances are still in our heads. I am still in some shamanic-induced trance from the healing dances, from warrior tom-tom dances, and from the primal scream-like sounds as they drove away the evil spirits that gathered around them (not hard enough to drive the marauding “white devil” who broken their hearts, if not their spirits though). Not only that but we scored some peyote buttons (strictly for religious purposes, as you will see) and they have started to kick in along with the occasional hit from the old bong hash pipe (strictly for medicinal purposes).

So right now in this dark, abyss dark, darker than I ever saw the night sky in the East even though it is star-filled, million star-filled, in this spitting flame-roared campfire throwing shadow night along with tormented pipe-filled dreams of Angelica I am embedded with the ghosts of ten thousand past warrior-kings and their people. And if my ears don’t deceive me, and they don’t, beside Jack’s flute and Mattie’s penny whistle I hear, and hear plainly, the muted gathering war cries of ancient drums summoning paint-faced proud, bedecked warriors to avenge their not so ancient loses, and their sorrows as well.

And after more pipe-fillings that sound got louder, louder so that even Jack and Mattie seem transfixed and begin to play their own instruments louder and stronger to keep pace with the drums. Then, magically, magically it seemed anyway, I swear, I swear on anything holy or unholy, on some sodden forebear grave, on some unborn descendent that off the campfire-reflected red, red sandstone, grey, grey sandstone, beige (beige for lack of better color description), beige sandstone canyon echo walls I see the vague outlines of old proud, feather-bedecked, slash mark-painted Apache warriors beginning, slowly at first, to go into their ghost dance trance that I had heard got them revved up for a fight. Suddenly, we three, we three television-sotted Indian warriors got up and started, slowly at first so we are actually out of synch with the wall action to move to the rhythms of the ghosts. Ay ya, ay ya, ay ya, ay ya,…..until we speed up to catch the real pace. After what seems an eternity we are ready, ready as hell, to go seek revenge for those white injustices.

But just as quickly the now flickering camp fire flame goes out, or goes to ember, the shadow ghost dance warriors are gone and we crumble in exhaustion to the ground. So much for vengeance. We, after regaining some strength, all decide that we had better push on, push on hard, to the ocean. These ancient desert nights, sweet winter desert nights or not, will do us in otherwise. But just for a moment, just for a weak modern moment we, or at least I knew, what it was like for those ancient warriors to seek their own blue-pink great American West night.




*****From The Archives Of The International Labor Defense (ILD)-1925-1946)-In Defense Of Political Prisoners

*****From The Archives  Of The International Labor Defense (ILD)-1925-1946)-In Defense Of Political Prisoners
Click below to link to an introduction to the work of the ILD-

https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/eam/other/ild/ild.html

Click below to link to New York Public Library materials on ILD

http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20647


From The Pen Of Frank Jackman

Introducing The Committee For International Labor Defense

Mission Statement

The Committee for International Labor Defense (CILD) is a legal and political defense organization working on behalf of the international working class and oppressed minorities providing aid and solidarity in legal cases. We stand today in the traditions of the working-class defense policies of the International Labor Defense (ILD) 1925-1946, the defense arm of the American Communist Party which won its authority as a defense organization in cases like Sacco and Vanzetti, the Scottsboro Boys, defense of Black Sharecropper’ Union and Birmingham steelworkers union efforts in the South in the 1930s and 1940s, and garnering support in the United States for the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. 

The ILD takes a side. In the struggles of working people to defend their unions and independent political organizations and to organize themselves we stand in solidarity against their exploiters. In the struggles of the oppressed and other socially marginalized peoples to defend their communities and to organize themselves we stand in solidarity with their efforts against their oppressors.  While favoring all possible legal proceedings for the cases we support, we recognize that the courts, prisons and police exist to maintain the ruling class’ dominance over all others. To paraphrase one of the founding members of the original ILD said “we place 100% of our faith in the power of the masses to mobilize to defend their own and zero faith, none, in the ‘justice’ of the courts or other tribunals.”

As we take the side of working people and oppressed minorities we also strive to be anti-sectarian. We will, according to our abilities, critically but unconditionally support movements and defend cases of organizations or individuals with whose political views we do not necessarily agree. We defend, to paraphrase the original statement of purpose of the old ILD, “any member of the workers and oppressed movement, regardless of their views, who has suffered persecution by the capitalist courts and other coercive institutions because of their activities or their opinions.” As the old labor slogan goes-“an injury to one is an injury to all.”


In the long arc, the now fifty years long arc of Sam Lowell’s left-wing political activism, the question of the plight of political prisoners, class-war prisoners to distinguish them from death squad Nazis and thugs and the commonality of other criminals has always played a central role in his work. Part of this was out of necessity in the old days when the American government was whipping away drafter resisters for their righteous opposition to the Vietnam War then raging and threatening to take a whole generation down with it both soldiers and civilians, military resisters who once a critical mass of soldiers started coming back and telling the real story of the war became more prevalent as the American Army was in near mutiny before the thing got closed down by the heroic Vietnamese resistance fighters, the civilly disobedient from little old ladies in tennis sneakers, Quakers, Shakers and later radicals and reds, rowdy according to them anti-war protesters, Black Panthers, at least the ones they did not try to just outright kill in their beds like Fred Hampton and Mark Clark or frame up almost to death like Geronimo Pratt (when he was going by that name before his conversion to a Muslim name he could not remember) or anybody else who got in their way when they pulled the hammer down and began the long “night of the long knives” that we have been subject to ever since without any apparent end in sight.

Since then through the vagaries of whatever small struggles he and what he calls the “remnant,” those who still hold the torch seeking the “newer world” and those too few who have joined those old new leftists political prisoner work has been the one constant when other struggles have failed like the now endless wars of the American government or situations that have been resolved at least partially like the struggle against apartheid in South Africa.

(Sam by the way has this very big thing about not calling the government “our government” ever since those days, those days when his best friend from high school, Jeff Mullins, was killed in Vietnam and in letters home begged Sam to tell a candid world what the hell was going on over there and he saw what the hell it was doing to young kids, kids out of high school just like him making them nothing but animals and so unless you want, and I don’t, a ration of grief we will stick with his designation.)

So Sam Lowell in his time has defended, has tried to publicize the plight of political prisoners as they have come up starting back in the day with the various anti-war protestors rounded up on May Day, 1971 (including himself), the Panthers and other black nationalists when they were under the gun of the American government, the victims of the coup in Chile in 1973, the aforementioned anti-apartied fighters led by the later Nelson Mandela in South Africa, the British coal-miners in the 1980s, many anti-death penalty struggles including the Mumia Abu Jamal (now serving a “living death” life without parole sentence) Troy Davis (executed by the state of Georgia in 2011)cases (and lately the case of the surviving member of the Boston Marathon bombings now under death sentence when he stood shoulder to shoulder in front of the Federal Courthouse in Boston down by the waterfront with Catholic Workers and Veterans for Peace but not anybody from Amnesty International or Massachusetts Committee Against the Death Penalty), and lots of others. All done, whether Sam was conscience of it at the time or not under the old slogan from the Wobblie days (Industrial Workers of the World, IWW)-“an injury to one is an injury to all.”

Lately Sam has been thinking, as he has reduced his law practice work, let others run the day to day operations of his small practice down in Carver about thirty miles from Boston, about that slogan, about the history of that idea. On the face of it the proposition makes total sense but what Sam was looking at was how that proposition was made concrete at least since the high holy hell days when the Wobblies needed all the defense they could muster against the bosses and their state. Now Sam, and you need to know this about him as well, has some method to his madness when he is thinking along such lines and this is the case here as well. Back in August of 2015 he had been invited to a planning meeting of an ad hoc group of Boston left-wing political activists who were interested in setting up a Committee for International Labor Defense (CILD). That name was not accidentally picked since what the group was trying to do was revive the traditions of the International Labor Defense (ILD) which been set up under the aegis of the American Communist Party in 1925 to deal organizationally with the continuing struggle for freedom for left-wing and labor militants under ban from the American government by Jim Cannon, Bill Haywood and others. That organization in turn had been affiliated with the International Red Aid which had previously been set up by the Communist International shortly after its own establishment in 1919.

Sam’s first reaction to the invitation and afterward thinking about the meeting which he had attended that August was that you cannot go home again, that whatever virtues the old ILD had any they were many especially in the 1920s and 1930s well before the operation went out of business in1946, that was over and done with. Then one night he began to think about that “traditions” part, about what the ILD had actually done in its best days. Back then, back in the 1920s when it all started the Wobblies had been decimated by the American government in its vendetta against that organization for its opposition to the First World War and a goodly number were still languishing in jail. Bill Haywood, a Wobblie founder, contacted Jim Cannon then a big wheel in the leadership of the CP and former Wobblie himself about setting up a non-sectarian pro-labor, political prisoner defense group since despite the low level of struggle then the CP was the only organization with the political, financial and legal resources to put together an effective organization. The ILD first won its spurs as a labor defense organization in the unsuccessful fight to save the framed anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti who were executed by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1927. The organization was critical in the 1930s in saving the lives of the Scottsboro boys, nine young black men who were accused of raping two white women and who were being railroaded to death row by the state of Alabama. All through the 1930s the ILD helped out labor militants in nasty strike actions and other social struggles like support for the Spanish Republican.

Sam had to admit that in its heyday the ILD did very good work and it would not be disrespectful to try to try to resurrect the traditions of such an organization. But know this about Sam as well he is a devout student of history  so he has to dig into the archives and find material that might be helpful in working through the logistics of “an injury ot one is an injury to all.” Hence this archival piece.                        





                      

A QUIRKY LOOK AT THE MILITARY CAMPAIGNS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

BOOK REVIEW

A FIRST SALUTE, BARBARA TUCHMAN, HYPERION, NEW 2000


Since the ending of the American Revolution historians have probably presented the narrative of the military campaigns which led to independence in every possible way. Ms. Tuchman, well known for her quirky looks at other historical events such as World War I, the Middle Ages and China in the 1930’s and 40’s, has done a commendable job of linking up the land war with the less well known, but crucial, naval campaigns of the Revolution. Ms. Tuchman’s argument is that, given the nature of the evolution of 18th century warfare, particularly British warfare as it became Queen of the seas, the land war could not be successful without the naval component, whether by an indigenous Continental navy or, more importantly, with French naval assistance. Fair enough, as far as she goes.

The key to understanding the American Revolution is that of an early national liberation struggle that like all such struggles were desperately in need of arms. And like all such struggles the rebels were not particular about where they got them. This, in the final analysis, is the importance of the first salute- that is the recognition of the colonials to belligerent status by the Dutch in the West Indies where the American rebels could get arms and ammunition. Ms. Tuchman mentions this need in passing but does not expand on it and rather gets caught up going off on a tangent about the history of the Dutch, French and British struggle for naval supremacyin the 17th and 18th centuries.

Ms. Tuchman‘s book is, however, marred by more than the question of a different emphasis on particular aspects of the military struggle. And for lack of a better expression, it is her underlying theme of the futility of war as a means of solving political problems. In the great beyond every thoughtful person would hope that pacific day would come (and damn soon). However in the world of the American Revolutionary War, a just war, is sometimes the only legitimate way to resolve political questions. Call it the march of folly, if you will, but that is the case here. Thus, Ms. Tuchman may snigger at the incompetent and defeatism of the military and civilian leadership of the British forces but to be consistent she would have to fault the American forces as well. The plain hard fact of the matter was that the British monarchy was, short of war, not going to grant any of the colonial demands. End of story. Thus, not only was the American Revolution a just war from the colonial side but a necessary one. Ms. Tuchman, moreover, gives the game away by her sincere admiration of General Washington and his hard scrabble forces. Following her premise we today would be still bending our knees before the Queen. No way.

*IN THE TIME OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE

Click on the title to link to a "Wikipedia" entry for the great french revolutionary,Maximilien Robespierre.

BOOK REVIEW

ROBESPIERRE,David Warden, Harper Books, New York 2003


One of the enduring historical legends of the French Revolution is the tendency of historians and others to call the period of the reign of Robespierre, as the presiding genius of the Committee of Public Safety in 1793-94, the 'Reign of Terror'. That the domestic situation in France, and more especially its position in the bewildering status of European politics at the time, and the person of Robespierre himself were far more complex than that simple designation has only fairly recently become a decisive factor in historical studies of the revolution. The biography under review here is one example of the more reasoned approaches to the life and times of Robespierre. Although the author is clearly no admirer of Robespierre he is at least willing to give the devil his due, if only by comparison to the disastrous effects that later modern ‘dictators’ have had on history. For those, like this reviewer, who see the work of Robespierre, Saint Just and the other workaholic members of the Committee of Public Safety as critical to the lasting effects of the French Revolution, that is, as an embryonic attempt at a 'Republic of Virtue', this is all that one can ask for.

The author organizes his book around several themes and does a more than adequate job of presenting the social, economic, philosophical, literary and legal positions that influenced Robespierre over his career. Especially interesting and previously unknown to me were the possible influences of freemasonry, illuminism and rosicrucianism on the thought and actions of Robespierre in the course of his struggle for power. At this historical distance it is, however, hard to judge the true effect of such beliefs on his judgements. Let us just leave it that in revolutionary times the odd and eccentric get a hearing that they would not get in more stable times. Including by leaders who would ordinarily dismiss such ideas and persons.

Professor Warden also traces Robespierre’s career into the law as one of the routes that the self-made revolutionaries of the period saw as a stepping stone to power;his early literary and philosophical proclivities, particularly his devotion to Rousseau; his rise into the revolutionary leadership as the revolution moved left; his reputation as the ‘incorruptible’ man of personal virtue; his desire to create a reign of virtue; his personal mental and physical problems and their effect on his thoughts and actions; and, the inevitable controversy over the use of the death penalty and other repression laws to settle scores with real undying enemies and mere political opponents. This more well-rounded approach toward his life may not win Robespierre, an admittedly hard character to warm up to, more admiration. However, the approach has the virtue of at least changing the debate from one of the ‘axis of evil’ to one of a mainly rational approach to the problems confronting French in the early 1790’s not the least of which was how to deal with real internal and foreign counterrevolutionary plots and military actions. Other, lesser, men of the times broke their teeth trying to solve those problems as well.

One of the major points that I have tried to emphasize in my study of the French Revolution is the formation of the initial ‘popular front’ nature of the uprising and the subsequent breakup into its basic class components that has lessons for the situation in France and Western society today. For those who are unfamiliar with the term- 'popular front', it is a political strategy that assumes the bulk of society have the same social and class interests. It is counterposed to the Marxian notion that the working class, independently, must lead society out of the morass that capitalism has put it in. In the France of 2007 that 'popular front' strategy is the favored one of the Socialist Party as it seeks the presidency of the Republic.

The French Revolution as it moved left, a phenomena witnessed in all great revolutions, became less and less of a 'popular front', as we know it. Robespierre, it is clear, consciously made a decision to find support for his politics in the sans culottes masses of Paris. Others like Marat, the Hebertists and Babeuf also worked that same political vein. What makes Robespierre different from latter day revolutionaries like Marx, Lenin and Trotsky who like Robespierre were also not from the working classes was that he was driven by the revolution itself into his position in defense of the lower classes whereas the later mentioned revolutionaries were won to working class politics well before hand. That, among other things, may help explain why when Robespierre and his supporters were overthrown his support literally evaporated and the denigration of his reputation as a ‘terrorist’ began. Read this book for more insights on this question.

The Endless Sleep- Under the Watchful Eyes Of Philip Larkin, Private Detective


The Endless Sleep- Under the Watchful Eyes Of Philip Larkin, Private Detective 

By Bartlett Webber

Phil Larkin had a dream one night. Phil Larkin, the now semi-retired loner private detective who at one had plenty of say in the outcome of cases big and small in the city of angels, in what one latter-day crime writer called the slumming streets of LA. Drew plenty of water as they used to say out there in water dry country before LA became a hub, back in the days when you could live in the sleepy town and not be bothered by much because guys like Larkin drew that water. Lugged it up the hills. Now that dream that Phil dreamed that night was something that had always bothered him about a closed case, an apparently closed case from back in the late 1930s before LA was even made up of those slumming streets that he cut his private investigation teeth on, a case that his hero, if he had a hero and if you asked him if he had a hero he would say no, Philip Marlowe.

Marlowe had it all back then, grabbed every big headline case before it became a headline, squelched a few that were headed for the headlines too, if that the way the case drifted. A big muscular guy built for heavy lifting, built to take a punch or seven, built to give a punch or seven and pretty handy with a gun out in the West where even in  gentrified LA that skill got you respect, kept you alive too. But one case always bothered Larkin, one case that as he looked back at his own less that heroic career he thought Marlowe took the wrong turn on, sat down on, even might have gotten bought off on.       

Yeah, Marlowe muffed it, took a dive on the Sternwood case, maybe you remember the case, all about an old rich guy who lived above the hills out there, out away from the dregs in the valleys, having feasted of the oil boom n in the 1920s and never looked back. The way Marlowe got involved was that the old man was looking for some personal retainer of his, a friend, a husband of one of his wild-eyed daughters who had disappeared. If you don’t remember it from the headlines, if you weren’t old enough, maybe you read about in school if you took some criminology courses because the way it got solved, supposedly solved was always used as a classic case of how not to wrap up a real live criminal case, public or private cop.

Maybe you heard about it through a guy named Raymond Chandler, the famous crime detection writer who lived out in La Jolla about one hundred miles south of LA and who followed the case in all its details, and wrote it up. Wrote it up and they made two big time movies out of it, back in the 1940s with made-for-the- part Humphrey Bogart as intrepid Philip Marlowe and drop-dead beautiful Lauren Bacall as one of the Sternwood daughters, Vivian, the one who was married to missing Rusty Regan whom old Sternwood wanted found and in the 1980s transporting the whole tale to England with also made-for-the part Robert Mitchum as Marlowe and Sarah Miles as Vivian. The whole thing was wrong, wrong from the headlines, wrong from Chandler who after all was trying to sex the thing up a little for the guys who read his stuff in the men’s magazines and crime periodicals, and later wrong on the films trying to entice the ladies in the audiences. At least a lot wrong was Phil’s thinking on the matter as he went over the material again and again to find out where Marlowe fell down on the job, had been, frankly, bought off, paid in full from any one of three or four sources.

That was why Phil Larkin was having that dream one night. Why the dead ass cold case had him stirred up in his old age. The part about Philip Marlowe grabbing the Sternwood case on Bernie Riley’s say so was right, everybody knew Bernie would give his old pal from the DA’s office some work which the public cops couldn’t or wouldn’t handle, would feed him what information they had, would act like a high-priced errant boy when Marlowe called looking for vehicle identification numbers or photographs of hard guys with records to see who he was up against. The part about him going out into the Hollywood hills, the part of the hills in those days where movie people dare not set foot in for living purposes, maybe not even as tourists, to see old man Sternwood and see what he wanted was straight too as well as the fact that they got along. The old man seeing something in Marlowe, something of courage and stubbornness which he had had in his own youth. The part about what the old man, and only the old man, wanted done, to find his personal retainer/confidante/bosom friend and son-in-law was right, right as rain. And that Marlowe had accepted the job for the duration was right as well but from the minute he left the old man’s presence in that sweated orchid-engulfed greenhouse where he spent most of his waking hours to keep awake the story was hooey.              

This is the way the public fairy tale got told, got told by guys and gals who should have known better, and maybe did but the “fix” must have been in pretty far down the line as Phil laid it out in his head that night. And don’t say reporters and crime novelists like Chandler couldn’t be bought, or sold a bill of goods and just made it up from there. No question the Sternwood daughters were wild ones, were out there in edge city somewhere, the older seemingly more sensible one, Vivian, who married, her third marriage at age twenty-five to give you an idea   of what she thought about convention, loved her liquor, maybe a little ether cocktail on the side, and men, the other, Carmen, she just like men, or maybe sex, the kinkier and rougher the better perhaps a better way to put the matter without being too delicate and excitement, “kicks” is what she called it, kicks in whatever form she could find it.

The immediate issue of “kicks” was gambling, and gambling debts, owed to the well-known nightclub owner, the hard-nosed mobster Eddie Mars. Also a matter of some blackmail over some dirty photographs from some cheap hood Carmen had spent the night with and who had taken the photos of her nude and in sexually explicit positions with nothing but blackmail in mind. Sweet crew. What the General wanted to know really, what he wanted Marlowe to find out, since he knew his daughters well and having married and fathered late in life knew what to expect was if his pal Rusty was behind the shake-downs. Smart old geezer, and pal or no pal, even a wizened old rich man knew enough to keep his head when dough was concerned. That was how guys like him made their millions in the old days when oil was there for the taking and got to live up in the cooler hills and not face the heat waves down in the valleys. Got to sweat out their own lifetimes of excesses in stinking orchid-strewn greenhouses and private sauna bath houses.      

So Marlowe made the rounds, tried to find out who the cheap gunsel was who was flashing Carmen’s naked ass around. Checked in on Eddie Mars and gave him the bad news that gambling debts were not enforceable in the great state of California. Eddie didn’t take it well, didn’t take it well not because of the loss of revenue but since he had been hanging around Vivian’s face ever since Rusty had gone south someway, was willing to grant her certain favors for her favors with the  ultimate idea of getting into bed with serious Mayfair swell money. See, not only had Rusty taken a powder, but Eddie’s wife, Mona, had flown the coop too. The story was that Rusty, tired of the ball and chain life and Mrs. Mars had blown town together. That was the story anyway, that was Eddies’ favor for Vivian.  

Then weird things started happening, things come to a head over both the blackmail of those photos of Carmen who loved her “kicks” probably if she had a Polaroid camera or digital today would take nude “selfies” and flood the Internet with them and the so-called gambling debts to soldier Eddie Mars. Of course the rich and famous, at least back then, tried might and main to keep their dirty linen out of the public eye. So every Tom, Dick and Harry was ready to blackmail anybody who could rub two quarters together in the Great Depression 1930s. A goof “light on his feet,” you know homosexual, today gay, pornographic book-seller took a run at it. As did that cheapjack date Carmen had. The net effect though for the blackmailers was two deaths, two murders by a  party or party’s unknown, quick and easy and nothing out of pocket for old man Sternwood. Good work Marlowe and see you around. Case closed and the Sternwood name not dragged through the mud too badly. Marlowe took a hefty piece of change from that case, over fifteen hundred dollars American, not much today hardly walking around money but a lot for a twenty-five a day and expenses low overhead P.I. then, for no heavy lifting, no shooting,  and no freaking police ready to give him the third degree. That inflated fee was the first inkling that Phil Larkin had that his hero might have had feet of clay, or had his claws into something unsavory.  

But see there were still a couple of missing pieces, a few things Marlowe couldn’t figure about the set-up so whatever financial settlement he had on what amounted to part one of the case was just that, part one payment. He liked the old man, no question so through his butler Norris, who seemed to be much more than a butler he put out feelers to see if the General wanted more done. Yeah, like where was fair weather, hail fellow, well met Rusty (and Mona to boot) and what about the real story with hot to trot Eddie Mars and Vivian. What hold did Eddie Mars way out of his league have over Vivian that had her eating out of his hand. As it turned out the General still was interested in that first question, the Rusty whereabouts question now that it was clear that he had nothing to do with any shakedowns, he could “give a fuck” about the second one (the General’s exact his expression concerning his older daughter’s situation according to Norris who blushed when he conveyed the message to Marlowe). Marlowe was back on the job.

This time though Marlowe got more than he bargained for, got that sapping that seemed to accompany every serious case he ran into (and some not so serious like the time he got waylaid by an irate missing strongman husband who got peeved not a little that Marlowe was taking out his pay in trade with his wife, Marlowe’s client, when she ran out of money trying to find the guy. A guy who was shacked up for a week with some honey he met at a bar and whom with he blew town for a while). He took his fair share of sappings, heavy lifting, shootings at and to, and more damn paperwork with the coppers after a serious third degree by them just for old times’ sake.

Marlowe’s strategy, at least this was the way he told it to the coppers after they began that famous third degree, good cop, bad cop, bright lights in the cellar of the precinct grilling they especially loved to give key-hole peepers, the ones who used be public coppers even better, was to follow Eddie Mars around. Reason: Rusty and Mona’s running off to Vegas or someplace like that was just too, too convenient. Rusty out of the way Eddie could just fall into Vivian’s waiting lap and her piece of the fading old man’s fortune which would make his hard hoodlum days a thing of the past. East street. Yeah, just too convenient, especially when one night Vivian, a notorious loser at the roulette wheel, grabbed a big chuck of Eddie’s dough. She passed it off as pay back for her previous losses, a girl couldn’t loss forever, and Eddie uncharacteristically said it was good advertising for the club. Sure, Eddie. 

That incident made Marlowe dig deeper. He had already found out that Eddie had a connection with that dead gay pornographer, had a slight connection with that cheapjack blackmailer too. But the biggest piece of news he got was that Eddie had been boffing Carmen, or really she was boffing him since as she said to him the first night she was “into” gangsters that season and there Eddie was visiting Vivian right there in the mansion. Yeah, that Carmen had a screw loose no way about it.

As it turned out Carmen was the key to the whole mess. Carmen and her weird wild as the wind appetites. Carmen was so spoiled that she could not take a “no” for an answer, not from a man. That did any man who crossed her, or tried to cross her, in. Carmen, jealous as hell of Vivian for having a rugged Irishman like Rusty on her chain tried her charms on him, tried to take him behind the bushes down by an old abandoned oil well on the property where he was supposed to show Carmen how to shoot a small gun she wanted to carry for her protection. Feeling frisky that day she made her bush league play for Rusty. He said “no go,” he knew he had his meal ticket with Vivian and after the old man died who knows what. Carmen didn’t like that answer so with five bullets in that silly little gun and no brain in her head she put all five in Rusty. Made him fall down.

Of course up in the hills above Hollywood or in any high-end town such little matters as a young socialite going “bang, bang” on the hired help gets hushed up, and hushed up fast. One way or another. Vivian, as Marlowe explained it while he was sweating under the hot lights, once she found Carmen with Rusty’s bloody body beneath her feet and in a daze, after hearing those gunshots decided quickly that she needed “another” route to keep her sister off of death row. The “another” ready at hand one Edward Mars, Mister “Fix-It Man.” He was the genius who thought of the idea of having Rusty and his estranged wife Mona run away together. And you had to hand it to Eddie it worked for a while, Eddie’s schemes always worked for a while. But he forgot about intrepid Marlowe.       

After grabbling some information from a “snitch” that Marlowe knew from around the newspaper stand where he bought his cigarettes and… he followed one of Eddie’s thugs out to a deserted road when according to that snitch Mona was held up. Whether being held captive or on her own volition he did not know. As it turned out she was being held there against her will. Marlowe ever the errant knight charger decided to free her. Did so after being held as a prisoner himself which is how he found out Mona was subject to such imprisonment. After a running gun battle with that bad ass Eddie assassin who wound up very dead, they escaped. Marlowe later, after the dust had settled and he know had some idea of what had been going on with Vivian, Eddie, Carmen then made a cardinal mistake late in the game when he was giving Carmen her little gun back down by the same oil sump where Rusty bought it. She, man hungry as ever made her simple-minded play for him. Remember though Carmen’s rejection threshold was very low and once Marlowe rejected her advances she went blood simple, started to try to “bang, bang” at him. He disarmed her, she had a fit, literally a fit, and after getting her back in the house and sedated told Vivian that she had better get her younger sister some much needed help, get her to some sanatorium, some mental health institution. Or else he would have to report the whole mess.

Vivian, thankfully, agreed. Marlowe out of respect for the dying old man wanted to spare him one last indignity before he went to the big sleep. The whole last part naturally he neglected to tell the coppers under the bright lights but his having gotten rid of one trash gangster put paid to whatever else he had done and they let him go. Saying to him next time he would take the big step off before his own big sleep.              

So that story, most of it anyway, is what has come down to us from the headlines, from word and story crazy Chandler and those whitewash movies that made it all seem like Marlowe was always a stand-up guy. And all of it bullshit, pure bullshit in a bucket almost from the beginning. Here’s the real story that Phil Larkin was able to piece together from the scanty records left behind:          

Go back to the day when Marlowe ambled up the steps of the mansion, knocked on the door and sly as a fox Norris, who in charge of the household budget was skimming like crazy, answered. Brought Marlowe into the General’s suffocating greenhouse where the old man laid out his silly ass story about being blackmailed by nefarious unknown parties and wondering too about some drunken Irishman who had married his older daughter and then blown town. Hired Marlowe on the spot because he was desperate to keep the thing on the backburner, keep his name out of the public prints, knew from Bernie Riley that he could be counted on to keep it on the low. Marlowe accepted the case which seemed to him blowing after the wind because he hadn’t had a serious money case in a while and because he was flat ass broke if it came right down to it. Behind on rent, just ahead of the “repo” car man on his jalopy, not a pot to piss in as the Irish say. From hunger like he had been from time to time over the years he grabbed the retainer and figured to milk the thing for all it was worth. Private detection was that kind of up and down business. That we know from headlines, book and film, the days when a shamus, good or bad has his feet up on the desk sipping low-shelf whiskey from the bottom of his desk drawer and chain-smoking until something turns up.  .

What had gotten buried, buried deep, what the headlines, book and films didn’t tell anybody, didn’t until Phil talked to Vivian’s daughter, her daughter from her fifth marriage if anybody was asking, when he found out that Vivian had told her daughter the facts of life about the so-called Sternwood case after some girls at the boarding school she attended had taunted her about sex-crazed Carmen, about drunken Rusty and Marlowe too, was the truth. Norris, who as it turned out was no friend of the General’s not only stealing from the funds under his day to day control as would be expected of a servant with that much power, was knee-deep in love with Vivian and Carmen. The exact nature of that love is anybody’s guess, although who knows what Carmen might have given up to the old servant when she was on the “hot seat” for Rusty’s murder and Norris knew, literally knew, where the bodies were buried. In any case after Marlowe left the old man in the greenhouse sly old Norris stopped him before he could leave that front door and told him Vivian wanted to see him. During their interview, sealed over scotches, high shelf scotches, neat, no low shelf bottom of the desk in that precinct Vivian gave Marlowe cause for pause.

Vivian pointed out over a second then a third scotch, neat, that Rusty was an old Irish bastard not worth the time to hunt him down, had put his fists to her on more than one occasion after sucking up the old man’s brandy out in the sweaty greenhouse, told him that Carmen needed protection from a guy named Geiger, who ran a smut bookstore in Hollywood, and another guy named Brody, a cheap grafter, who were squeezing her dry to keep Carmen’s name and nude photographs out of the scandal sheets. She told Marlowe that she would double down on whatever her father was paying him not to find Rusty, not to find out anything but a way to finish off the pair just mentioned. Any way he saw fit.

Now this Vivian was attractive, as the photograph her daughter showed Phil Larkin attested to, maybe even beautiful, with a big head of long hair, blues eyes, ruby-red lips, a good shape and legs to die for. But the kicker, the thing that brought Marlowe around was when she practically disrobed him there in her boudoir, showed him around the world, showed him she might give from what he had heard about Carmen’s exploits a run for her money if things came to that pass. So a couple of hours later with three thousand bucks in his sack, sex satiated, and scotch sober he emerged from milady’s bedroom to do what looked like very little heavy work on the case. Check around, sent in reports, grab some dough from Norris after the kick-back and easy street.   

Sure he did the usual, grabbed Bernie Riley and got a ton of information about that pornography ring this old sissy, this old fag, today gay, Geiger was running and about this cheapjack hood Brody. Get rid of those guys and he would be home free, maybe having found himself a new bed partner and easy street for a while but in any case three thou ahead for no real work. Bernie told him Geiger operated out of a bookstore over on high number Wiltshire where the swells went to get their “kicks,” get to look at naughty pictures, shame, shame. His office had been watching the operation for a while and they were ready to pounce but if Marlowe wanted to shake things up that was okay too. And he did, figured with an old fag who had plenty to hide he could just bluster his way into the bookstore and confront him publically. See what shook out. When Marlowe made his move Geiger turned to jello, started screaming that it was all Brody’s deal since he had met Carmen at one of Eddie Mars’ casinos, had loaded her up on some exotic dope, bedded her and then had taken a few photos while she was sleeping, a few later too when he asked if she would like to pose nude for his so-called private collection. She lapped that up like a puppy dog, showed from her poses that she had been around that block before.

That confrontation with Geiger had its intended effect, a few night later Geiger was found dead in his apartment, found in bed with votive candles all around him, alone, with two serious slugs in his heart. One bad guy gone. A few days later when he drew Brody’s tag, found him living in a rooming house about six blocks from his own run-down place in the Talbot Apartments while trying to give him some good advice about laying off the Sternwoods a person not then known but who turned out to be Geiger’s young boyfriend, shot old Joe Brody dead, dead as a doornail. The young fag had assumed that Joe had double-cross his lover. It turned out later that one of Eddie Mars’ boy did Geiger in when he tried to go “independent,” tried to cut Eddie out of the pay-off loop. Nice guy Eddie one of nature’s noblemen. So no heavy lifting on this one. Mission accomplished. He reported directly to the old man that he would have no more troubles from blackmailers. Case closed, and he walked away with that extra thou promised by the old man (really Norris, and only nine hundred after the kick-back) for not doing a damn thing except being in the right place at the right time. Four thou and easy street for a few months.

The old man still tried like hell to get Marlowe to work on the Rusty Regan disappearance, wanted to know why he blew town, see if he needed money. See if he was coming back. After a while Marlowe relented, asked for another thou up front and a guarantee of another thou if he found Rusty. Agreed. He then went to Vivian’s room, looked in to see that she was up and drinking her supper, invited himself in and drew another trip around the world from that fair lady. And two thou to not look too hard for Rusty. Like taking candy from a baby. Easier. Seven thou in real American and no end in sight if he worked it right.                                 

So he would sent in reports, fake stuff, stuff Norris knew was fake but would read to the General anyway, about how Marlowe had found out that Rusty had blown town with poor gangster Eddie Mars’ wife, a looker named Mona, and more his speed, a girl from hunger who wasn’t so sex-obsessed as Vivian, or class conscious either. Marlowe did a damn rotten thing though to the old man by saying that Rusty had sent word that he needed dough, a couple of thou for a new life with Vivian in some other town and pocketed another couple of thou off of that. Got a few more trips around the world with Vivian, took a couple of tours with Carmen while he was at it (who unlike Vivian who was good in bed was rather average when it came to the downy billows, maybe she liked the kinkier stuff Marlowe wasn’t into better).

Of course Marlowe figured out before too long that Carmen had done poor Rusty in since she almost killed him one night when he was too tired for sex and she got angry, seething angry, you don’t say no to Carmen, but by that time the General had gone to the big sleep that awaits us all. Had bled the case for all it was worth anyway. Especially when Eddie Mars was putting the heat on him to back off, and he sent one of his boys around to deliver the message and cold-cocker him with his revolver just for kicks.  Eddie Mars figured into the mix a couple of ways. Once Carmen went bang, bang on old Rusty and Vivian had to clean up the mess, keep the damn thing out of newspapers for as long as possible she went to Eddie to do the clean-up, to provide that silly Rusty running off with his wife story. And Eddie obliged seeing big dollars signs in his future with his name on the Sternwood calendar. No more cheap hood for him. Mister Edward Mars for then on. He paid Mona off to have her skip, he was tired of her anyway and she of him. Moreover he was smitten by Vivian and saw in lover boy Marlowe a competitor and Eddie Mars brooked no competitors when he had his wanting habits on. So the friendly call from one of Eddie’s tough guys. That was enough. Yeah, Marlowe laid down on the Sternwood job. Case closed.